Bundled scripts for web content delivery

ABSTRACT

A web server application executable on a computing device is configured to receive from a web browser application executing on a client device a request for the web page and, responsive to the request, to (i) identify, based on information in the request, a plurality of scripts defining structure and operation of components of the web page, (ii) bundle the identified scripts into a bundle of scripts, (iii) generate a markup document representing the requested web page and including in the markup document a reference to the bundle of scripts, wherein the reference to the bundle of scripts being useable by the web browser application as a basis to retrieve the plurality of scripts in rendering the web page, and (iv) output the generated markup document in a response for transmission to the client device.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/972,561, filed May 7, 2018, which claims priority to U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 62/635,161, filed Feb. 26, 2018. The entirety ofeach of these priority applications is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

When a web developer develops a web page, the developer may use aframework that relies upon underlying logic to drive components of thepage. A representative framework may publish JavaScript libraries thatdefine special application programming interfaces (APIs) useable todefine aspects of web page structure and operation. In practice, when aweb developer composes a hypertext markup language (HTML) document for aweb page, the developer could place in the document a reference to suchpublished JavaScript libraries and could write and include in thedocument sets of code that will call the JavaScript APIs to controlstructure and operation of the page in a desired manner when the page isrendered by a browser.

Unfortunately, however, providers of such web development frameworks maychange the frameworks from time to time and/or may discontinue supportfor certain frameworks or framework versions. Further, such a frameworkor library may become outdated due to a lack of support for modernbrowsers (which could lead to buggy behavior and/or decreasedperformance). When this happens, a web developer may be forced torewrite web pages that made use of the deprecated frameworks, writingnew imperative code and making other changes to make use of newer,supported frameworks. But this process can be impractical, especiallywhere the web pages at issue are highly complex.

SUMMARY

Disclosed is a system to help address this issue, enabling a webdeveloper to compose a web page through use of web page components whosecore structure and operation is defined by underlying script librariesthat could be updated or changed by a provider of the system whendesired, without necessitating rewrites of the page. The system couldenable the web developer to compose such a page declaratively withmarkup that simply declares a desired hierarchical arrangement betweenspecified components, without a need for the developer to engage inimperative coding to define the core structure and operation of thecomponents. Further, the scripts underlying the components could beconfigured to support inter-component data binding, allowing componentsto be updated in response to published data related to other components.And the system could enable the web developer to declaratively specifydesired data bindings between components on a page by including in themarkup simple “listen-to” tag attributes or the like, again without theneed for the developer to engage in associated imperative coding.

To help facilitate this, the system could further include a page-buildersubsystem that efficiently represents and stores web page descriptionsand dynamically constructs associated HTML documents for rendering bybrowsers.

In particular, the page-builder system could store descriptions of webpages as metadata in a relational database, with various interrelatedtables defining hierarchical arrangement of, and data-binding between,components of the page. For instance, the system could provide aninterface through which a web developer could design or compose a webpage incorporating components as noted above, specifying the componenthierarchy and data binding, and the system could respond to thedeveloper's specifications by generating and storing associated databaserecords to describe the page structure, including references tounderlying script libraries that will drive the components.

The page-builder system could then respond to a browser's web pagerequest by querying the database to establish the associated pagestructure and, based on the results of the querying, could dynamicallyconstruct an HTML document that includes applicable componentdeclarations and references to the underlying script libraries. And thepage-builder system could return the constructed HTML document, possiblytogether with the underlying script files, to the requesting browser forrendering. Because these HTML documents are constructed dynamically uponrequest, the underlying script libraries and associated references canbe changed when desired without necessitating page rewrites, providedthat the newly provided scripts would still support thedeveloper-declared hierarchy, data-binding, and other parameters.

Accordingly, a first example embodiment may involve a computing devicethat includes a processing unit, data storage, and a web browserapplication stored in the data storage and executable by the processingunit to carry out various operations. The operations could includereceiving, in response to a request for a web page, (i) declarativemarkup data defining a hierarchical arrangement of components of the webpage, including at least first component and a second component, and(ii) a set of scripts defining structure and operation of the componentsof the web page, including first script defining structure and operationof the first component and second script defining structure andoperation of the second component. Further, the operations could includeestablishing a document object model (DOM) of the web page, includingpopulating, based on the received scripts, shadow DOMs of the componentsof the web page. And the operations could include rendering the web pagebased on the established DOM.

In line with the discussion above, the declarative markup data andscripts could cooperatively define data-binding between the firstcomponent and the second component (and similarly between other pairs ofcomponents, and likewise defining many-to-many relationships betweencomponents). For instance, the first script could be interpretable bythe web browser application to cause the web browser application todynamically publish data related to the first component (such as statedata of the first component, and/or data that passes through or isemitted by the first component), the declarative markup data couldinclude for the second component a listen-to tag attribute that bindslogic (e.g., operations, properties, etc.) of the second component withthe dynamically published data related to the first component, and thesecond script could be interpretable by the web browser application inaccordance with the listen-to tag attribute to cause the secondcomponent to react to the published data related to the first component.

Further, a provider of such components could swap out the underlyingscripts when desired, optimally maintaining support for thedeveloper-declared components and their data-bindings. Thus, in theexample described, the request could be a first request and the set ofscripts could be a first set of scripts, and the operations couldadditionally include receiving in response to a second, subsequentrequest for the same web page, (i) the same declarative markup datadefining the hierarchical arrangement of the components of the web page,but (ii) a second set of scripts defining structure and operation of thecomponents of the web page, the second set of scripts being differentthan the first set of scripts while still supporting the same, unchangeddata-binding between the first component and the second component.

A second example embodiment may involve a method incorporating similaroperations. For instance, the method could include receiving, into a webbrowser application executing on a computing device, in response to arequest for a web page, (i) declarative markup data defining ahierarchical arrangement of components of the web page, including afirst component and a second component, and (ii) a set of scriptsdefining structure and operation of the components of the web page,including a first script (one or more scripts) defining structure andoperation of the first component and a second script (one or morescripts) defining structure and operation of the second component.Further, the method could include establishing, by the web browserapplication, a DOM of the web page, including populating, by the webbrowser application, based on the received scripts, shadow DOMs of thecomponents of the web page. And the method could include rendering, bythe web browser application, the web page based on the established DOM.

Here again, in line with the discussion above, the declarative markupdata and scripts could cooperatively define data-binding between thefirst component and the second component, with (i) the first scriptbeing interpretable by the web browser application to cause the webbrowser application to dynamically publish data related to the firstcomponent, (ii) the declarative markup data including for the secondcomponent a listen-to tag attribute that binds logic of the secondcomponent with the dynamically published data related to the firstcomponent, and (iii) the second script being interpretable by the webbrowser application in accordance with the listen-to tag attribute tocause the second component to react to the published data related to thefirst component.

In a third example embodiment, an article of manufacture may include anon-transitory computer-readable medium, having stored thereon programinstructions that, upon execution by a computing system, cause thecomputing system to perform web browser operations in accordance withone or more of the other example embodiments.

In a fourth example embodiment, a system may include various means forcarrying out each of the operations of the other example embodiments.

These as well as other embodiments, aspects, advantages, andalternatives will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the artby reading the following detailed description, with reference whereappropriate to the accompanying drawings. Further, this summary andother descriptions and figures provided herein are intended toillustrate embodiments by way of example only and, as such, numerousvariations are possible. For instance, structural elements and processsteps can be rearranged, combined, distributed, eliminated, or otherwisechanged, while remaining within the scope of the embodiments as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic drawing of a computing device, inaccordance with example embodiments.

FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic drawing of a server device cluster, inaccordance with example embodiments.

FIG. 3 depicts a remote network management architecture, in accordancewith example embodiments.

FIG. 4 depicts a communication environment involving a remote networkmanagement architecture, in accordance with example embodiments.

FIG. 5A depicts another communication environment involving a remotenetwork management architecture, in accordance with example embodiments.

FIG. 5B is a flow chart, in accordance with example embodiments.

FIG. 6 depicts a web page rendered using an example embodiment.

FIG. 7 illustrates a screen shot depicting a portion of an HTML documentthat represents a page like that shown in FIG. 6.

FIG. 8 depicts page details of a resulting HTML that could beestablished by a browser rendering the HTML of FIG. 7.

FIG. 9 depicts an attributes portion of a page-builder interface in anexample embodiment.

FIG. 10 depicts a properties portion of a page-builder interface in anexample embodiment.

FIG. 11 depicts an actions portion of a page-builder interface in anexample embodiment.

FIG. 12 depicts a portion of a database schema for use in exampleembodiments.

FIG. 13 depicts another portion of a database schema for use in exampleembodiments.

FIG. 14 depicts an example process flow for constructing and deliveringan HTML document in response to a page request.

FIG. 15 is a simplified block diagram of a system operable in exampleembodiments.

FIG. 16 is a flow chart, in accordance with example embodiments.

FIG. 17 is another flow chart, in accordance with example embodiments.

FIG. 18 is yet another flow chart, in accordance with exampleembodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Example methods, devices, and systems are described herein. It should beunderstood that the words “example” and “exemplary” are used herein tomean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodimentor feature described herein as being an “example” or “exemplary” is notnecessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over otherembodiments or features unless stated as such. Thus, other embodimentscan be utilized and other changes can be made without departing from thescope of the subject matter presented herein.

Accordingly, the example embodiments described herein are not meant tobe limiting. It will be readily understood that the aspects of thepresent disclosure, as generally described herein, and illustrated inthe figures, can be arranged, substituted, combined, separated, anddesigned in a wide variety of different configurations. For example, theseparation of features into “client” and “server” components may occurin a number of ways.

Further, unless context suggests otherwise, the features illustrated ineach of the figures may be used in combination with one another. Thus,the figures should be generally viewed as component aspects of one ormore overall embodiments, with the understanding that not allillustrated features are necessary for each embodiment.

Additionally, any enumeration of elements, blocks, or steps in thisspecification or the claims is for purposes of clarity. Thus, suchenumeration should not be interpreted to require or imply that theseelements, blocks, or steps adhere to a particular arrangement or arecarried out in a particular order.

Introduction

A large enterprise is a complex entity with many interrelatedoperations. Some of these are found across the enterprise, such as humanresources (HR), supply chain, information technology (IT), and finance.However, each enterprise also has its own unique operations that provideessential capabilities and/or create competitive advantages.

To support widely-implemented operations, enterprises typically useoff-the-shelf software applications, such as customer relationshipmanagement (CRM) and human capital management (HCM) packages. However,they may also need custom software applications to meet their own uniquerequirements. A large enterprise often has dozens or hundreds of thesecustom software applications. Nonetheless, the advantages provided bythe embodiments herein are not limited to large enterprises and may beapplicable to an enterprise, or any other type of organization, of anysize.

Many such software applications are developed by individual departmentswithin the enterprise. These range from simple spreadsheets tocustom-built software tools and databases. But the proliferation ofsiloed custom software applications has numerous disadvantages. Itnegatively impacts an enterprise's ability to run and grow its business,innovate, and meet regulatory requirements. The enterprise may find itdifficult to integrate, streamline and enhance its operations due tolack of a single system that unifies its subsystems and data.

To efficiently create custom applications, enterprises would benefitfrom a remotely-hosted application platform that eliminates unnecessarydevelopment complexity. The goal of such a platform would be to reducetime-consuming, repetitive application development tasks so thatsoftware engineers and individuals in other roles can focus ondeveloping unique, high-value features.

In order to achieve this goal, the concept of Application Platform as aService (aPaaS) is introduced, to intelligently automate workflowsthroughout the enterprise. An aPaaS system is hosted remotely from theenterprise, but may access data, applications, and services within theenterprise by way of secure connections. Such an aPaaS system may have anumber of advantageous capabilities and characteristics. Theseadvantages and characteristics may be able to improve the enterprise'soperations and workflow for IT, HR, CRM, customer service, applicationdevelopment, and security.

The aPaaS system may support development and execution ofmodel-view-controller (MVC) applications. MVC applications divide theirfunctionality into three interconnected parts (model, view, andcontroller) in order to isolate representations of information from themanner in which the information is presented to the user, therebyallowing for efficient code reuse and parallel development. Theseapplications may be web-based, and offer create, read, update, delete(CRUD) capabilities. This allows new applications to be built on acommon application infrastructure.

The aPaaS system may support standardized application components, suchas a standardized set of widgets for graphical user interface (GUI)development. In this way, applications built using the aPaaS system havea common look and feel. Other software components and modules may bestandardized as well. In some cases, this look and feel can be brandedor skinned with an enterprise's custom logos and/or color schemes.

The aPaaS system may support the ability to configure the behavior ofapplications using metadata. This allows application behaviors to berapidly adapted to meet specific needs. Such an approach reducesdevelopment time and increases flexibility. Further, the aPaaS systemmay support GUI tools that facilitate metadata creation and management,thus reducing errors in the metadata.

The aPaaS system may support clearly-defined interfaces betweenapplications, so that software developers can avoid unwantedinter-application dependencies. Thus, the aPaaS system may implement aservice layer in which persistent state information and other data isstored.

The aPaaS system may support a rich set of integration features so thatthe applications thereon can interact with legacy applications andthird-party applications. For instance, the aPaaS system may support acustom employee-onboarding system that integrates with legacy HR, IT,and accounting systems.

The aPaaS system may support enterprise-grade security. Furthermore,since the aPaaS system may be remotely hosted, it should also utilizesecurity procedures when it interacts with systems in the enterprise orthird-party networks and services hosted outside of the enterprise. Forexample, the aPaaS system may be configured to share data amongst theenterprise and other parties to detect and identify common securitythreats.

Other features, functionality, and advantages of an aPaaS system mayexist. This description is for purpose of example and is not intended tobe limiting.

As an example of the aPaaS development process, a software developer maybe tasked to create a new application using the aPaaS system. First, thedeveloper may define the data model, which specifies the types of datathat the application uses and the relationships therebetween. Then, viaa GUI of the aPaaS system, the developer enters (e.g., uploads) the datamodel. The aPaaS system automatically creates all of the correspondingdatabase tables, fields, and relationships, which can then be accessedvia an object-oriented services layer.

In addition, the aPaaS system can also build a fully-functional MVCapplication with client-side interfaces and server-side CRUD logic. Thisgenerated application may serve as the basis of further development forthe user. Advantageously, the developer does not have to spend a largeamount of time on basic application functionality. Further, since theapplication may be web-based, it can be accessed from anyInternet-enabled client device. Alternatively or additionally, a localcopy of the application may be able to be accessed, for instance, whenInternet service is not available.

The aPaaS system may also support a rich set of pre-definedfunctionality that can be added to applications. These features includesupport for searching, email, templating, workflow design, reporting,analytics, social media, scripting, mobile-friendly output, andcustomized GUIs.

The following embodiments describe architectural and functional aspectsof example aPaaS systems, as well as the features and advantagesthereof.

II. Example Computing Devices and Cloud-Based Computing Environments

FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram exemplifying a computing device100, illustrating some of the components that could be included in acomputing device arranged to operate in accordance with the embodimentsherein. Computing device 100 could be a client device (e.g., a deviceactively operated by a user), a server device (e.g., a device thatprovides computational services to client devices), or some other typeof computational platform. Some server devices may operate as clientdevices from time to time in order to perform particular operations, andsome client devices may incorporate server features.

In this example, computing device 100 includes processor 102, memory104, network interface 106, and an input / output unit 108, all of whichmay be coupled by a system bus 110 or a similar mechanism. In someembodiments, computing device 100 may include other components and/orperipheral devices (e.g., detachable storage, printers, and so on).

Processor 102 may be one or more of any type of computer processingelement, such as a central processing unit (CPU), a co-processor (e.g.,a mathematics, graphics, or encryption co-processor), a digital signalprocessor (DSP), a network processor, and/or a form of integratedcircuit or controller that performs processor operations. In some cases,processor 102 may be one or more single-core processors. In other cases,processor 102 may be one or more multi-core processors with multipleindependent processing units. Processor 102 may also include registermemory for temporarily storing instructions being executed and relateddata, as well as cache memory for temporarily storing recently-usedinstructions and data.

Memory 104 may be any form of computer-usable memory, including but notlimited to random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), andnon-volatile memory (e.g., flash memory, hard disk drives, solid statedrives, compact discs (CDs), digital video discs (DVDs), and/or tapestorage). Thus, memory 104 represents both main memory units, as well aslong-term storage. Other types of memory may include biological memory.

Memory 104 may store program instructions and/or data on which programinstructions may operate. By way of example, memory 104 may store theseprogram instructions on a non-transitory, computer-readable medium, suchthat the instructions are executable by processor 102 to carry out anyof the methods, processes, or operations disclosed in this specificationor the accompanying drawings.

As shown in FIG. 1, memory 104 may include firmware 104A, kernel 104B,and/or applications 104C. Firmware 104A may be program code used to bootor otherwise initiate some or all of computing device 100. Kernel 104Bmay be an operating system, including modules for memory management,scheduling and management of processes, input / output, andcommunication. Kernel 104B may also include device drivers that allowthe operating system to communicate with the hardware modules (e.g.,memory units, networking interfaces, ports, and busses), of computingdevice 100. Applications 104C may be one or more user-space softwareprograms, such as web browsers or email clients, as well as any softwarelibraries used by these programs. Memory 104 may also store data used bythese and other programs and applications.

Network interface 106 may take the form of one or more wirelineinterfaces, such as Ethernet (e.g., Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, andso on). Network interface 106 may also support communication over one ormore non-Ethernet media, such as coaxial cables or power lines, or overwide-area media, such as Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) ordigital subscriber line (DSL) technologies. Network interface 106 mayadditionally take the form of one or more wireless interfaces, such asIEEE 802.11 (Wifi), BLUETOOTH®, global positioning system (GPS), or awide-area wireless interface. However, other forms of physical layerinterfaces and other types of standard or proprietary communicationprotocols may be used over network interface 106. Furthermore, networkinterface 106 may comprise multiple physical interfaces. For instance,some embodiments of computing device 100 may include Ethernet,BLUETOOTH®, and Wifi interfaces.

Input/output unit 108 may facilitate user and peripheral deviceinteraction with example computing device 100. Input/output unit 108 mayinclude one or more types of input devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse,a touch screen, and so on. Similarly, input/output unit 108 may includeone or more types of output devices, such as a screen, monitor, printer,and/or one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs). Additionally oralternatively, computing device 100 may communicate with other devicesusing a universal serial bus (USB) or high-definition multimediainterface (HDMI) port interface, for example.

In some embodiments, one or more instances of computing device 100 maybe deployed to support an aPaaS architecture. The exact physicallocation, connectivity, and configuration of these computing devices maybe unknown and/or unimportant to client devices. Accordingly, thecomputing devices may be referred to as “cloud-based” devices that maybe housed at various remote data center locations.

FIG. 2 depicts a cloud-based server cluster 200 in accordance withexample embodiments. In FIG. 2, operations of a computing device (e.g.,computing device 100) may be distributed between server devices 202,data storage 204, and routers 206, all of which may be connected bylocal cluster network 208. The number of server devices 202, datastorages 204, and routers 206 in server cluster 200 may depend on thecomputing task(s) and/or applications assigned to server cluster 200.

For example, server devices 202 can be configured to perform variouscomputing tasks of computing device 100. Thus, computing tasks can bedistributed among one or more of server devices 202. To the extent thatthese computing tasks can be performed in parallel, such a distributionof tasks may reduce the total time to complete these tasks and return aresult. For purpose of simplicity, both server cluster 200 andindividual server devices 202 may be referred to as a “server device.”This nomenclature should be understood to imply that one or moredistinct server devices, data storage devices, and cluster routers maybe involved in server device operations.

Data storage 204 may be data storage arrays that include drive arraycontrollers configured to manage read and write access to groups of harddisk drives and/or solid state drives. The drive array controllers,alone or in conjunction with server devices 202, may also be configuredto manage backup or redundant copies of the data stored in data storage204 to protect against drive failures or other types of failures thatprevent one or more of server devices 202 from accessing units ofcluster data storage 204. Other types of memory aside from drives may beused.

Routers 206 may include networking equipment configured to provideinternal and external communications for server cluster 200. Forexample, routers 206 may include one or more packet-switching and/orrouting devices (including switches and/or gateways) configured toprovide (i) network communications between server devices 202 and datastorage 204 via cluster network 208, and/or (ii) network communicationsbetween the server cluster 200 and other devices via communication link210 to network 212.

Additionally, the configuration of cluster routers 206 can be based atleast in part on the data communication requirements of server devices202 and data storage 204, the latency and throughput of the localcluster network 208, the latency, throughput, and cost of communicationlink 210, and/or other factors that may contribute to the cost, speed,fault-tolerance, resiliency, efficiency and/or other design goals of thesystem architecture.

As a possible example, data storage 204 may include any form ofdatabase, such as a structured query language (SQL) database. Varioustypes of data structures may store the information in such a database,including but not limited to tables, arrays, lists, trees, and tuples.Furthermore, any databases in data storage 204 may be monolithic ordistributed across multiple physical devices.

Server devices 202 may be configured to transmit data to and receivedata from cluster data storage 204. This transmission and retrieval maytake the form of SQL queries or other types of database queries, and theoutput of such queries, respectively. Additional text, images, video,and/or audio may be included as well. Furthermore, server devices 202may organize the received data into web page representations. Such arepresentation may take the form of a markup language, such as thehypertext markup language (HTML), the extensible markup language (XML),or some other standardized or proprietary format. Moreover, serverdevices 202 may have the capability of executing various types ofcomputerized scripting languages, such as but not limited to Perl,Python, PHP Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP), Active Server Pages (ASP),JavaScript, and so on. Computer program code written in these languagesmay facilitate the providing of web pages to client devices, as well asclient device interaction with the web pages.

III. Example Remote Network Management Architecture

FIG. 3 depicts a remote network management architecture, in accordancewith example embodiments. This architecture includes three maincomponents, managed network 300, remote network management platform 320,and third-party networks 340, all connected by way of Internet 350.

Managed network 300 may be, for example, an enterprise network used by abusiness for computing and communications tasks, as well as storage ofdata. Thus, managed network 300 may include various client devices 302,server devices 304, routers 306, virtual machines 308, firewall 310,and/or proxy servers 312. Client devices 302 may be embodied bycomputing device 100, server devices 304 may be embodied by computingdevice 100 or server cluster 200, and routers 306 may be any type ofrouter, switch, or gateway.

Virtual machines 308 may be embodied by one or more of computing device100 or server cluster 200. In general, a virtual machine is an emulationof a computing system, and mimics the functionality (e.g., processor,memory, and communication resources) of a physical computer. Onephysical computing system, such as server cluster 200, may support up tothousands of individual virtual machines. In some embodiments, virtualmachines 308 may be managed by a centralized server device orapplication that facilitates allocation of physical computing resourcesto individual virtual machines, as well as performance and errorreporting. Enterprises often employ virtual machines in order toallocate computing resources in an efficient, as needed fashion.Providers of virtualized computing systems include VMWARE® andMICROSOFT®.

Firewall 310 may be one or more specialized routers or server devicesthat protect managed network 300 from unauthorized attempts to accessthe devices, applications, and services therein, while allowingauthorized communication that is initiated from managed network 300.Firewall 310 may also provide intrusion detection, web filtering, virusscanning, application-layer gateways, and other applications orservices. In some embodiments not shown in FIG. 3, managed network 300may include one or more virtual private network (VPN) gateways withwhich it communicates with remote network management platform 320 (seebelow).

Managed network 300 may also include one or more proxy servers 312. Anembodiment of proxy servers 312 may be a server device that facilitatescommunication and movement of data between managed network 300, remotenetwork management platform 320, and third-party networks 340. Inparticular, proxy servers 312 may be able to establish and maintainsecure communication sessions with one or more computational instancesof remote network management platform 320. By way of such a session,remote network management platform 320 may be able to discover andmanage aspects of the architecture and configuration of managed network300 and its components. Possibly with the assistance of proxy servers312, remote network management platform 320 may also be able to discoverand manage aspects of third-party networks 340 that are used by managednetwork 300.

Firewalls, such as firewall 310, typically deny all communicationsessions that are incoming by way of Internet 350, unless such a sessionwas ultimately initiated from behind the firewall (i.e., from a deviceon managed network 300) or the firewall has been explicitly configuredto support the session. By placing proxy servers 312 behind firewall 310(e.g., within managed network 300 and protected by firewall 310), proxyservers 312 may be able to initiate these communication sessions throughfirewall 310. Thus, firewall 310 might not have to be specificallyconfigured to support incoming sessions from remote network managementplatform 320, thereby avoiding potential security risks to managednetwork 300.

In some cases, managed network 300 may consist of a few devices and asmall number of networks. In other deployments, managed network 300 mayspan multiple physical locations and include hundreds of networks andhundreds of thousands of devices. Thus, the architecture depicted inFIG. 3 is capable of scaling up or down by orders of magnitude.

Furthermore, depending on the size, architecture, and connectivity ofmanaged network 300, a varying number of proxy servers 312 may bedeployed therein. For example, each one of proxy servers 312 may beresponsible for communicating with remote network management platform320 regarding a portion of managed network 300. Alternatively oradditionally, sets of two or more proxy servers may be assigned to sucha portion of managed network 300 for purposes of load balancing,redundancy, and/or high availability.

Remote network management platform 320 is a hosted environment thatprovides aPaaS services to users, particularly to the operators ofmanaged network 300. These services may take the form of web-basedportals, for instance. Thus, a user can securely access remote networkmanagement platform 320 from, for instance, client devices 302, orpotentially from a client device outside of managed network 300. By wayof the web-based portals, users may design, test, and deployapplications, generate reports, view analytics, and perform other tasks.

As shown in FIG. 3, remote network management platform 320 includes fourcomputational instances 322, 324, 326, and 328. Each of these instancesmay represent a set of web portals, services, and applications (e.g., awholly-functioning aPaaS system) available to a particular customer. Insome cases, a single customer may use multiple computational instances.For example, managed network 300 may be an enterprise customer of remotenetwork management platform 320, and may use computational instances322, 324, and 326. The reason for providing multiple instances to onecustomer is that the customer may wish to independently develop, test,and deploy its applications and services. Thus, computational instance322 may be dedicated to application development related to managednetwork 300, computational instance 324 may be dedicated to testingthese applications, and computational instance 326 may be dedicated tothe live operation of tested applications and services. A computationalinstance may also be referred to as a hosted instance, a remoteinstance, a customer instance, or by some other designation.

The multi-instance architecture of remote network management platform320 is in contrast to conventional multi-tenant architectures, overwhich multi-instance architectures have several advantages. Inmulti-tenant architectures, data from different customers (e.g.,enterprises) are comingled in a single database. While these customers'data are separate from one another, the separation is enforced by thesoftware that operates the single database. As a consequence, a securitybreach in this system may impact all customers' data, creatingadditional risk, especially for entities subject to governmental,healthcare, and/or financial regulation. Furthermore, any databaseoperations that impact one customer will likely impact all customerssharing that database. Thus, if there is an outage due to hardware orsoftware errors, this outage affects all such customers. Likewise, ifthe database is to be upgraded to meet the needs of one customer, itwill be unavailable to all customers during the upgrade process. Often,such maintenance windows will be long, due to the size of the shareddatabase.

In contrast, the multi-instance architecture provides each customer withits own database in a dedicated computing instance. This preventscomingling of customer data, and allows each instance to beindependently managed. For example, when one customer's instanceexperiences an outage due to errors or an upgrade, other computationalinstances are not impacted. Maintenance down time is limited because thedatabase only contains one customer's data. Further, the simpler designof the multi-instance architecture allows redundant copies of eachcustomer database and instance to be deployed in a geographicallydiverse fashion. This facilitates high availability, where the liveversion of the customer's instance can be moved when faults are detectedor maintenance is being performed.

In order to support multiple computational instances in an efficientfashion, remote network management platform 320 may implement aplurality of these instances on a single hardware platform. For example,when the aPaaS system is implemented on a server cluster such as servercluster 200, it may operate a virtual machine that dedicates varyingamounts of computational, storage, and communication resources toinstances. But full virtualization of server cluster 200 might not benecessary, and other mechanisms may be used to separate instances. Insome examples, each instance may have a dedicated account and one ormore dedicated databases on server cluster 200. Alternatively,computational instance 322 may span multiple physical devices.

In some cases, a single server cluster of remote network managementplatform 320 may support multiple independent enterprises. Furthermore,as described below, remote network management platform 320 may includemultiple server clusters deployed in geographically diverse data centersin order to facilitate load balancing, redundancy, and/or highavailability.

Third-party networks 340 may be remote server devices (e.g., a pluralityof server clusters such as server cluster 200) that can be used foroutsourced computational, data storage, communication, and servicehosting operations. These servers may be virtualized (i.e., the serversmay be virtual machines). Examples of third-party networks 340 mayinclude AMAZON WEB SERVICES® and MICROSOFT® Azure. Like remote networkmanagement platform 320, multiple server clusters supporting third-partynetworks 340 may be deployed at geographically diverse locations forpurposes of load balancing, redundancy, and/or high availability.

Managed network 300 may use one or more of third-party networks 340 todeploy applications and services to its clients and customers. Forinstance, if managed network 300 provides online music streamingservices, third-party networks 340 may store the music files and provideweb interface and streaming capabilities. In this way, the enterprise ofmanaged network 300 does not have to build and maintain its own serversfor these operations.

Remote network management platform 320 may include modules thatintegrate with third-party networks 340 to expose virtual machines andmanaged services therein to managed network 300. The modules may allowusers to request virtual resources and provide flexible reporting forthird-party networks 340. In order to establish this functionality, auser from managed network 300 might first establish an account withthird-party networks 340, and request a set of associated resources.Then, the user may enter the account information into the appropriatemodules of remote network management platform 320. These modules maythen automatically discover the manageable resources in the account, andalso provide reports related to usage, performance, and billing.

Internet 350 may represent a portion of the global Internet. However,Internet 350 may alternatively represent a different type of network,such as a private wide-area or local-area packet-switched network.

FIG. 4 further illustrates the communication environment between managednetwork 300 and computational instance 322, and introduces additionalfeatures and alternative embodiments. In FIG. 4, computational instance322 is replicated across data centers 400A and 400B. These data centersmay be geographically distant from one another, perhaps in differentcities or different countries. Each data center includes supportequipment that facilitates communication with managed network 300, aswell as remote users.

In data center 400A, network traffic to and from external devices flowseither through VPN gateway 402A or firewall 404A. VPN gateway 402A maybe peered with VPN gateway 412 of managed network 300 by way of asecurity protocol such as Internet Protocol Security (IPSEC) orTransport Layer Security (TLS). Firewall 404A may be configured to allowaccess from authorized users, such as user 414 and remote user 416, andto deny access to unauthorized users. By way of firewall 404A, theseusers may access computational instance 322, and possibly othercomputational instances. Load balancer 406A may be used to distributetraffic amongst one or more physical or virtual server devices that hostcomputational instance 322. Load balancer 406A may simplify user accessby hiding the internal configuration of data center 400A, (e.g.,computational instance 322) from client devices. For instance, ifcomputational instance 322 includes multiple physical or virtualcomputing devices that share access to multiple databases, load balancer406A may distribute network traffic and processing tasks across thesecomputing devices and databases so that no one computing device ordatabase is significantly busier than the others. In some embodiments,computational instance 322 may include VPN gateway 402A, firewall 404A,and load balancer 406A.

Data center 400B may include its own versions of the components in datacenter 400A. Thus, VPN gateway 402B, firewall 404B, and load balancer406B may perform the same or similar operations as VPN gateway 402A,firewall 404A, and load balancer 406A, respectively. Further, by way ofreal-time or near-real-time database replication and/or otheroperations, computational instance 322 may exist simultaneously in datacenters 400A and 400B.

Data centers 400A and 400B as shown in FIG. 4 may facilitate redundancyand high availability. In the configuration of FIG. 4, data center 400Ais active and data center 400B is passive. Thus, data center 400A isserving all traffic to and from managed network 300, while the versionof computational instance 322 in data center 400B is being updated innear-real-time. Other configurations, such as one in which both datacenters are active, may be supported.

Should data center 400A fail in some fashion or otherwise becomeunavailable to users, data center 400B can take over as the active datacenter. For example, domain name system (DNS) servers that associate adomain name of computational instance 322 with one or more InternetProtocol (IP) addresses of data center 400A may re-associate the domainname with one or more IP addresses of data center 400B. After thisre-association completes (which may take less than one second or severalseconds), users may access computational instance 322 by way of datacenter 400B.

FIG. 4 also illustrates a possible configuration of managed network 300.As noted above, proxy servers 312 and user 414 may access computationalinstance 322 through firewall 310. Proxy servers 312 may also accessconfiguration items 410. In FIG. 4, configuration items 410 may refer toany or all of client devices 302, server devices 304, routers 306, andvirtual machines 308, any applications or services executing thereon, aswell as relationships between devices, applications, and services. Thus,the term “configuration items” may be shorthand for any physical orvirtual device, or any application or service remotely discoverable ormanaged by computational instance 322, or relationships betweendiscovered devices, applications, and services. Configuration items maybe represented in a configuration management database (CMDB) ofcomputational instance 322.

As noted above, VPN gateway 412 may provide a dedicated VPN to VPNgateway 402A. Such a VPN may be helpful when there is a significantamount of traffic between managed network 300 and computational instance322, or security policies otherwise suggest or require use of a VPNbetween these sites. In some embodiments, any device in managed network300 and/or computational instance 322 that directly communicates via theVPN is assigned a public IP address. Other devices in managed network300 and/or computational instance 322 may be assigned private IPaddresses (e.g., IP addresses selected from the 10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255or 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255 ranges, represented in shorthand assubnets 10.0.0.0/8 and 192.168.0.0/16, respectively).

IV. Example Device, Application, and Service Discovery

In order for remote network management platform 320 to administer thedevices, applications, and services of managed network 300, remotenetwork management platform 320 may first determine what devices arepresent in managed network 300, the configurations and operationalstatuses of these devices, and the applications and services provided bythe devices, and well as the relationships between discovered devices,applications, and services. As noted above, each device, application,service, and relationship may be referred to as a configuration item.The process of defining configuration items within managed network 300is referred to as discovery, and may be facilitated at least in part byproxy servers 312.

For purpose of the embodiments herein, an “application” may refer to oneor more processes, threads, programs, client modules, server modules, orany other software that executes on a device or group of devices. A“service” may refer to a high-level capability provided by multipleapplications executing on one or more devices working in conjunctionwith one another. For example, a high-level web service may involvemultiple web application server threads executing on one device andaccessing information from a database application that executes onanother device.

FIG. 5A provides a logical depiction of how configuration items can bediscovered, as well as how information related to discoveredconfiguration items can be stored. For sake of simplicity, remotenetwork management platform 320, third-party networks 340, and Internet350 are not shown.

In FIG. 5A, CMDB 500 and task list 502 are stored within computationalinstance 322. Computational instance 322 may transmit discovery commandsto proxy servers 312. In response, proxy servers 312 may transmit probesto various devices, applications, and services in managed network 300.These devices, applications, and services may transmit responses toproxy servers 312, and proxy servers 312 may then provide informationregarding discovered configuration items to CMDB 500 for storagetherein. Configuration items stored in CMDB 500 represent theenvironment of managed network 300.

Task list 502 represents a list of activities that proxy servers 312 areto perform on behalf of computational instance 322. As discovery takesplace, task list 502 is populated. Proxy servers 312 repeatedly querytask list 502, obtain the next task therein, and perform this task untiltask list 502 is empty or another stopping condition has been reached.

To facilitate discovery, proxy servers 312 may be configured withinformation regarding one or more subnets in managed network 300 thatare reachable by way of proxy servers 312. For instance, proxy servers312 may be given the IP address range 192.168.0/24 as a subnet. Then,computational instance 322 may store this information in CMDB 500 andplace tasks in task list 502 for discovery of devices at each of theseaddresses.

FIG. 5A also depicts devices, applications, and services in managednetwork 300 as configuration items 504, 506, 508, 510, and 512. As notedabove, these configuration items represent a set of physical and/orvirtual devices (e.g., client devices, server devices, routers, orvirtual machines), applications executing thereon (e.g., web servers,email servers, databases, or storage arrays), relationshipstherebetween, as well as services that involve multiple individualconfiguration items.

Placing the tasks in task list 502 may trigger or otherwise cause proxyservers 312 to begin discovery. Alternatively or additionally, discoverymay be manually triggered or automatically triggered based on triggeringevents (e.g., discovery may automatically begin once per day at aparticular time).

In general, discovery may proceed in four logical phases: scanning,classification, identification, and exploration. Each phase of discoveryinvolves various types of probe messages being transmitted by proxyservers 312 to one or more devices in managed network 300. The responsesto these probes may be received and processed by proxy servers 312, andrepresentations thereof may be transmitted to CMDB 500. Thus, each phasecan result in more configuration items being discovered and stored inCMDB 500.

In the scanning phase, proxy servers 312 may probe each IP address inthe specified range of IP addresses for open Transmission ControlProtocol (TCP) and/or User Datagram Protocol (UDP) ports to determinethe general type of device. The presence of such open ports at an IPaddress may indicate that a particular application is operating on thedevice that is assigned the IP address, which in turn may identify theoperating system used by the device. For example, if TCP port 135 isopen, then the device is likely executing a WINDOWS® operating system.Similarly, if TCP port 22 is open, then the device is likely executing aUNIX® operating system, such as LINUX®. If UDP port 161 is open, thenthe device may be able to be further identified through the SimpleNetwork Management Protocol (SNMP). Other possibilities exist. Once thepresence of a device at a particular IP address and its open ports havebeen discovered, these configuration items are saved in CMDB 500.

In the classification phase, proxy servers 312 may further probe eachdiscovered device to determine the version of its operating system. Theprobes used for a particular device are based on information gatheredabout the devices during the scanning phase. For example, if a device isfound with TCP port 22 open, a set of UNIX®-specific probes may be used.Likewise, if a device is found with TCP port 135 open, a set ofWINDOWS®-specific probes may be used. For either case, an appropriateset of tasks may be placed in task list 502 for proxy servers 312 tocarry out. These tasks may result in proxy servers 312 logging on, orotherwise accessing information from the particular device. Forinstance, if TCP port 22 is open, proxy servers 312 may be instructed toinitiate a Secure Shell (SSH) connection to the particular device andobtain information about the operating system thereon from particularlocations in the file system. Based on this information, the operatingsystem may be determined. As an example, a UNIX® device with TCP port 22open may be classified as AIX®, HPUX, LINUX®, MACOS®, or SOLARIS®. Thisclassification information may be stored as one or more configurationitems in CMDB 500.

In the identification phase, proxy servers 312 may determine specificdetails about a classified device. The probes used during this phase maybe based on information gathered about the particular devices during theclassification phase. For example, if a device was classified as LINUX®,a set of LINUX®-specific probes may be used. Likewise if a device wasclassified as WINDOWS® 2012, as a set of WINDOWS®-2012-specific probesmay be used. As was the case for the classification phase, anappropriate set of tasks may be placed in task list 502 for proxyservers 312 to carry out. These tasks may result in proxy servers 312reading information from the particular device, such as basicinput/output system (BIOS) information, serial numbers, networkinterface information, media access control address(es) assigned tothese network interface(s), IP address(es) used by the particular deviceand so on. This identification information may be stored as one or moreconfiguration items in CMDB 500.

In the exploration phase, proxy servers 312 may determine furtherdetails about the operational state of a classified device. The probesused during this phase may be based on information gathered about theparticular devices during the classification phase and/or theidentification phase. Again, an appropriate set of tasks may be placedin task list 502 for proxy servers 312 to carry out. These tasks mayresult in proxy servers 312 reading additional information from theparticular device, such as processor information, memory information,lists of running processes (applications), and so on. Once more, thediscovered information may be stored as one or more configuration itemsin CMDB 500.

Running discovery on a network device, such as a router, may utilizeSNMP. Instead of or in addition to determining a list of runningprocesses or other application-related information, discovery maydetermine additional subnets known to the router and the operationalstate of the router's network interfaces (e.g., active, inactive, queuelength, number of packets dropped, etc.). The IP addresses of theadditional subnets may be candidates for further discovery procedures.Thus, discovery may progress iteratively or recursively.

Once discovery completes, a snapshot representation of each discovereddevice, application, and service is available in CMDB 500. For example,after discovery, operating system version, hardware configuration andnetwork configuration details for client devices, server devices, androuters in managed network 300, as well as applications executingthereon, may be stored. This collected information may be presented to auser in various ways to allow the user to view the hardware compositionand operational status of devices, as well as the characteristics ofservices that span multiple devices and applications.

Furthermore, CMDB 500 may include entries regarding dependencies andrelationships between configuration items. More specifically, anapplication that is executing on a particular server device, as well asthe services that rely on this application, may be represented as suchin CMDB 500. For instance, suppose that a database application isexecuting on a server device, and that this database application is usedby a new employee onboarding service as well as a payroll service. Thus,if the server device is taken out of operation for maintenance, it isclear that the employee onboarding service and payroll service will beimpacted. Likewise, the dependencies and relationships betweenconfiguration items may be able to represent the services impacted whena particular router fails.

In general, dependencies and relationships between configuration itemsmay be displayed on a web-based interface and represented in ahierarchical fashion. Thus, adding, changing, or removing suchdependencies and relationships may be accomplished by way of thisinterface.

Furthermore, users from managed network 300 may develop workflows thatallow certain coordinated activities to take place across multiplediscovered devices. For instance, an IT workflow might allow the user tochange the common administrator password to all discovered LINUX®devices in single operation.

In order for discovery to take place in the manner described above,proxy servers 312, CMDB 500, and/or one or more credential stores may beconfigured with credentials for one or more of the devices to bediscovered. Credentials may include any type of information needed inorder to access the devices. These may include userid/password pairs,certificates, and so on. In some embodiments, these credentials may bestored in encrypted fields of CMDB 500. Proxy servers 312 may containthe decryption key for the credentials so that proxy servers 312 can usethese credentials to log on to or otherwise access devices beingdiscovered.

The discovery process is depicted as a flow chart in FIG. 5B. At block520, the task list in the computational instance is populated, forinstance, with a range of IP addresses. At block 522, the scanning phasetakes place. Thus, the proxy servers probe the IP addresses for devicesusing these IP addresses, and attempt to determine the operating systemsthat are executing on these devices. At block 524, the classificationphase takes place. The proxy servers attempt to determine the operatingsystem version of the discovered devices. At block 526, theidentification phase takes place. The proxy servers attempt to determinethe hardware and/or software configuration of the discovered devices. Atblock 528, the exploration phase takes place. The proxy servers attemptto determine the operational state and applications executing on thediscovered devices. At block 530, further editing of the configurationitems representing the discovered devices and applications may takeplace. This editing may be automated and/or manual in nature.

The blocks represented in FIG. 5B are for purpose of example. Discoverymay be a highly configurable procedure that can have more or fewerphases, and the operations of each phase may vary. In some cases, one ormore phases may be customized, or may otherwise deviate from theexemplary descriptions above.

V. Modeling, Building, and Rendering Web Pages

A. Overview

As noted above, software applications may be developed by individualdepartments within an enterprise. Such applications could include ortake the form of web applications, including one or more web pagesconfigured to be rendered by web browsers executing on client devices tofacilitate dynamic interaction with end users. For instance, an aPaaSsystem hosted remotely from the enterprise could serve web pages toclient browsers. Through interaction with the aPaaS system or othersystem, a software developer could compose such web pages, definingtheir structure and operation, and the system could then store the webpages for retrieval and rendering.

As further discussed above, such developers may use frameworks that relyupon underlying logic to drive components of web pages, but thoseframeworks could become deprecated, resulting in a need to rewrite theweb pages.

A representative system as presently disclosed can help to overcome thisand other issues, enabling efficient modeling and building of web pages.

The system provides reusable web page components that supportinter-component data-bindings to facilitate dynamic web pagefunctionality. Namely, the components are configured to publish actionsfor reference by other components on a page and to dynamically react toactions published by other components. For instance, a component couldbe configured to publish action data in response to user action (e.g.,clicking on a button or typing in a text input box) or in response tothe component's receiving updated properties or the like. Further, acomponent could be configured to react to such published action data ofone or more other components or of other parts of the system or thelike, such as by responsively rendering itself in a particular manner,publishing action data itself (for reference by other components),issuing requests for communication with a server, and/or changing itsstate, among other possibilities).

Each such component has underlying scripting (e.g., JavaScript) thatdefines the structure and operation of the component and exposes an APIfor use by a web developer. A developer could thus design a webapplication by declaratively composing simple markup (e.g., HTML or,where appropriate, XML) that defines a hierarchical arrangement of suchcomponents and defines their data-bindings and other desired parameters.Further, a provider of the components could swap out the underlyingscripting (e.g., related to the view portions of components) whenscripting frameworks change, without necessitating rewrites of webapplications that make use of the components, as long as the underlyingscripting supports the expected structure and API of the componentsincluding associated data-binding features.

Aspects of the system could be provided by a server or server cluster,as in the aPaaS discussed above. Such a system could be configured tosupport the page components. The system could store the componentdefinitions, including respective underlying script files, and could beconfigured to deliver those component definitions to a client browserupon request. A web developer could thus compose a markup document thatdefines a hierarchical arrangement of, and data-bindings between,instances of the custom components and that includes a component loaderreferencing the component definitions on the server. When a browserrenders the markup document, the browser could then retrieve the customcomponent definitions from the system pursuant to the component loaderand could register the components for use. Per the componentdefinitions, the browser could then render the markup, populating shadowDOMs based on the underlying scripts, and accordingly implementing thedefined and declared inter-component data-binding.

In an example implementation, the system further includes a page-buildersubsystem that enables web pages defined with such components to berepresented in a database model on a server, so as to facilitateefficient generation of markup documents that make use of thecomponents. For instance, a database server application executing on acomputing device could maintain a relational database (e.g., a SQLdatabase as discussed above) with a schema through which a set ofdatabase records cooperatively describe a web page, including pagelayout, component hierarchy and data-bindings, references to componentscripts, among possibly other information, and that relate each ofvarious uniform resource locators (URLs) to such page descriptions.Further, a web server application executing on a computing device couldbe configured such that when it receives from a browser a request for apage at a particular URL, the web server application responsivelyqueries the database to obtain the database records that cooperativelydescribe the associated page, the web server application generates amarkup document in accordance with that page description, and the webserver application transmits the generated markup document to thebrowser for rendering.

In addition, the page-builder subsystem could provide an interface thatenables web developers to design such pages. For instance, the interfacecould provide a web developer with a menu of available custom webcomponents and could enable the web developer to select desiredcomponents for inclusion on a page and to designate desired hierarchyand desired data-bindings and other parameters. As the web developermakes such selections and designations, the page-builder subsystem couldthen correspondingly generate the database records that cooperativelydescribe the designed page, to facilitate later generating anddelivering a markup document representing the page.

B. Example Implementation

The present system enables the structure of a web page to be describeddeclaratively, with aspects of the page being represented andinterrelated with metadata, to establish what components should berendered on the page and how the components should be configured,including how the components will communicate with each other. Such asystem could facilitate efficient development of highly dynamic webapplications having possibly complex controls that communicate with eachother in new and useful ways.

The system enables web developers to design web pages declarativelyrather than imperatively, as the system is built on the back of HTML andan API that defines how various web page components communicate witheach other. Further, as discussed above, the components defined by thesystem could be packaged, represented, and stored as metadata in adatabase, to enable the system to readily determine the structure of arequested page and responsively generate and deliver an associated HTMLdocument for rendering by a client browser.

Moreover, the system could support the use of various underlyingframeworks without the need for the web developer to learn and code inthose frameworks (and without even knowing what view technologies wereused to create each component), as the system provides a higher-leveldeclarative API. The higher-level declarative API could make use of anyof a variety of underlying scripts and frameworks to implement itshigher-level declarations. This arrangement can thus help to overcome acommon problem where a web developer composes a web page using aparticular framework (such as ANGULAR or the like) and that frameworkthen becomes deprecated, requiring the developer to rewrite the entirepage using a new framework. The present system instead enables a webdeveloper to declaratively compose the web page (possibly using afront-end design interface) without being exposed to the underlyingscripting. Consequently, a provider of the system could swap out theunderlying scripting if and when desired, such as when technologieschange, while continuing to allow reuse of the web components.

FIG. 6 is an example of a web page rendered using the present system.The web page shown in FIG. 6 is composed of various components. Forinstance, the page includes a component for its header, a component forlists on the left side, a component for phone call integration, acomponent for chat, and so forth.

FIG. 7 illustrates a screen shot showing a portion of an HTML documentthat represents a page like that shown in FIG. 6. Consistent with thediscussion above, the markup shown in FIG. 7 defines the pagedeclaratively using relatively simple HTML. The HTML in this exampleincludes a top level “sn-workspace-layout” component and, within thatlayout component, an “sn-workspace-header” component, an“sn-workspace-toolbar” component, an “sn-workspace-nav” component, an“sn-workspace tabs” component, an “sn-workspace-main” component, and an“sn-component-openframe,” some of which then further include othersub-components.

Each of these components has various attributes and properties. Forinstance, each component has a component-id that uniquely identifies thecomponent. Further, a component could include a “slot” that defines aspace in the component's shadow DOM layout that other components couldbe bound into. And a component could include a “listen-to” attributethat defines a communication mechanism, to listen to actions emitted byone or more other components.

For instance, the example “sn-workspace-header” component includes a“listen-to” attribute that is set to listen to a “GLOBAL_SEARCH_ACTION”emitted by the “sn-component-global-search-typehead” (referenced by itsglobally unique identifier (GUID)). Accordingly, the header component ofthe example page will listen to actions emitted by theglobal-search-typehead component of the page. Thus, when somethinghappens in the global-search-typehead component, theglobal-search-typehead component would emit a GLOBAL_SEARCH_ACTION thatmight indicate or correspond with its state or other associated data,and that action would be bound to the “searchAction” property of theheader component, allowing the header component to set its searchActionproperty value and/or take one or more actions in response.

As FIG. 7 shows, this HTML is relatively simple from a developer'sstandpoint. The developer could write the HTML as shown to define thehierarchical relationship between web page components as well as thedata-bindings between the components. Alternatively or additionally, thesystem could provide a design interface through which the developercould select and place such components on the page and could definetheir hierarchy, data-bindings, and other parameters.

Each such component could be defined in advance, using any of a varietyof scripting or coding languages or other frameworks, to establishparticular structure and functionality of the component, so that thecomponent can be translated to the desired HTML for rendering by abrowser. When a browser renders such a page, the browser could thusrender each such component by calling a pluggable renderer for theframework that was used to define the component (possibly to populateone or more shadow-DOMs), to obtain associated HTML elements for thebrowser to render.

To facilitate this, the web page could leverage the web componentsstandard, with the web components including custom elements,shadow-DOMs, and perhaps HTML templates.

Thus, with the example of FIG. 7, the web page could define customelements as a declarations to the browser for the various custom markupshown on that page. For instance, for the component name“sn-workspace-layout,” the page could include a custom elementdeclaration that directs the browser to attach a specified script (e.g.,a JavaScript script), with that script then telling the browser how torender the “sn-workspace-layout” component. And the page could likewiseinclude custom-element declarations for the other custom markup as well.

Each such specified script could define aspects of the custom elementsuch as its name, configuration, and behaviors. For instance, the scriptcould specify an associated tag name and an associated JavaScript classthat implements an associated API. Further, the script could specifywhat underlying framework will be used to render the component, whatdata sources would be used by the component, and what attributes andactions are being defined for the component. While some or much of thisunderlying component logic will then be hidden from the end-user webdeveloper, certain aspects such as its API (including its availableactions) could be exposed to the user, to facilitate use of thecomponent in web development.

The page markup could include a component loader that loads the customelement definitions at the time the page gets rendered, loadingnecessary web component polyfills, if any, and making sure that core,common, individual component and application bundles are loaded in acorrect order. This component loader, for instance, could be aJavaScript call to retrieve from server data storage a predefined bundleof custom element definitions corresponding with various availablecomponents. In a representative implementation, these custom elementdefinitions could be built as Node Package Manager (NPM) modules andthen packaged together in bundles (e.g., in small distributable bundles,then combined together into larger bundles) for retrieval by browsers atrender time.

Each such custom element, which could be registered with acustom-element registry in the browser, could direct the browser torender the contents of a respective component in a shadow-DOM, so as toprovide an encapsulation boundary that helps to prevent styling andbehavior from being exposed. (This can help prevent a developer fromcreating a component that impacts another component in an undesiredmanner, and to help prevent a third-party component developer fromdeveloping a component that could break a page.)

Further, such components could be reusable by web developers in buildingweb pages without the need for the web developers to be exposed to theunderlying scripting of the components. A web developer could readilydeclare the hierarchy, data-bindings, and other parameters of thevarious components as desired, and as in the example shown in FIG. 7,those declarations need not refer to the underlying scripting that wouldbe used to facilitate rendering of the components.

FIG. 8 next depicts page details of the resulting HTML that could beestablished by the browser processing the HTML of FIG. 7. As shown inFIG. 8, the actual structure and operation of various page componentsare set forth in shadow-DOMs. The rendering of the shadow-DOMs is thencontrolled by whatever renderer the system would call to render thatshadow-DOM.

With this arrangement, the underlying renderer (e.g., the underlyingscript and framework used for rendering the script) could be swapped outby a provider of the system if and when desired. The listen-tofunctionality that establishes the data binding between the componentscould define API points that could be exposed to authors of theunderlying component scripting. This way, components on a page couldinteract with each other even if their respective underlying scriptingtechnologies are different or are changed, as long as their underlyingscripting supports the API points (e.g., specified input and output datatypes) that are exposed to the web developer to facilitate interactionbetween components and the like. This can thus avoid the need for theunderlying component frameworks to bind themselves to the DOM hierarchyof the page. Rather, the frameworks can more generally be bound toactions as desired.

As noted above, the present system could provide a library of suchcomponents available for use by web developers to develop web pages andcould provide web developers with a menu of the available components.Through use of a page-builder interface as discussed above, or throughmore rote HTML programming, web developers could thus select desiredcomponents and could compose a web page that specifies hierarchicalrelationship, desired data-bindings, and one or more othercharacteristics of the components, in line with the componentdefinitions. The page components at issue in this process could be webcomponents compliant with the web component standard or could take otherforms.

In a representative implementation, for instance, the system couldinclude a page-builder subsystem as described above, for use by a webdeveloper in designing a web page. The page-builder subsystem couldprovide an interface that presents a web developer with a menu ofestablished web components and enables the web developer to selectcomponents to include on a web page, to define the hierarchicalrelationship between the selected components, and to establishdata-bindings between the components. The page-builder subsystem couldthen store the associated page description as metadata in databasetables as noted above, to allow efficient generation of an associatedHTML document when the page is requested. Alternatively, a web developermight more directly write the HTML without the use of such apage-builder system.

FIGS. 9-11 illustrate an example portion of such a page-builderinterface that a web developer might use to set parameters of arepresentative web component, here an example “Tabs” component.Alternative design interfaces, including “what you see is what you get”(WYSIWYG) interfaces, could be provided instead or in addition.

As shown in FIG. 9, the page-builder interface specifies attributes(accessible from the Components Attributes tab) of a data-menu anddata-tabs-config, which take payload (e.g., using JavaScript ObjectNotation (JSON)) that describes how the menu and the tabs should berendered. Further, as shown in FIG. 10, the interface specifiesproperties (accessible from the Component Properties tab) that the webdeveloper could set statically or could configure to be dynamically setusing the listen-to functionality defined for the component.

Further, as shown in FIG. 11, the interface specifies various actions(accessible from the Component Actions tab) that define information thatthe component would publish or emit for receipt by other components thatare set to listen to those actions. For instance, the example shows aTAB_SELECTED action, which could be an action that would be invoked whena user clicks on a tab, causing the component to publish theTAB_SELECTED action (effectively indicating or corresponding with theinvoked-state of the tab). In practice, another component on the webpage could then be set to listen to that action of the Tabs componentand to respond to the action by setting associated property values,taking associated actions, or the like.

Through use of such a page-builder interface or the like, a webdeveloper could develop a web page by selecting web components toinclude on a page (e.g., from a menu of available components),designating hierarchical arrangement of the components (e.g., by roteplacement or other designation of parent-child relationships ofcomponents), establishing data-bindings between the components (e.g., bydeclaring the listen-to properties of components), and setting one ormore other parameters of the components. The page-builder interfacecould essentially expose to the web developer the available API pointsof each such component, to enable the web developer to set suchparameters.

By way of example, as the web developer designs a web page, the webdeveloper might select the Tabs component discussed above, declareparticular hierarchy and placement of the Tabs component on the page,declare any static attribute values, and declare any listen-toproperties that could be dynamically set at run time based on actions ofone or more other components on the page. (For instance, through thepage-builder interface, the developer could define selectedItem,data-menu, and other aspects of an instance of the Tabs component.)

In line with the discussion above, the page-builder subsystem (e.g.,through stored component definitions) could associate each componentwith its underlying script, such as with a particular JavaScript file,that defines details of the component. When the page-builder subsystemoutputs the resulting HTML document for delivery to the browser, thepage-builder subsystem could also deliver to the browser thecustom-element definition for the component, including or additionallydelivering to the browser a JavaScript file that defines how to renderthat component. With this arrangement, the web developer need merelydeclare an instance of the component on the page, and the system canresponsively enable rendering of the component by providingcustom-element script and associated markup to facilitate use of thecustom element and thus use of the component.

As further discussed above, the system could be configured to storedescriptions of web-component-based pages as tables in a relationaldatabase, so that the system could readily respond to page requests. Forinstance, the page-builder subsystem could provide an interface throughwhich a web developer could design such a page, and as the web developerdesigns the page (e.g., selecting and placing components and definingtheir hierarchy, data-bindings, and so forth), the page-buildersubsystem could generate and store database records that cooperativelydescribe the page.

FIGS. 12 and 13 depict an example database schema, showing how thepage-builder subsystem could represent web pages with a group ofinterrelated database tables, defining a plurality of interrelatedrecords. In the illustrated schema, tables related to defining specificpages are labeled with the prefix “sys_ux_page”, and tables related tothe library of page building blocks are labeled with the prefix“sys_ux_lib”.

Shown on the left side of FIG. 12 are tables involved in describing anexample of page registration, to establish a root element of the pageand to associate one or more URLs or the like with bespokeconfigurations of the page. And shown on the right side of FIG. 12 aretables involved in describing page structure, through a plurality ofinterrelated records cooperatively defining a hierarchical arrangementof components of the page, including references to underlying scriptsinterpretable to define structure and operation of the components.

In the example arrangement shown, “sys_ux_page” acts as a containerrecord, pointing to a root element in a page structure.“Sys_ux_page_registry then associates a page record (the structure) witha URL path/site name and a bespoke configuration record. FIG. 12illustrates this by way of example as a document field correspondingwith an example “admin_panel” database record. But the page could justas well be registered to be associated with other URLs or paths.

More generally, the system could register URLs or other paths to each bedatabase-associated with respective sys_ux_page record, so as toestablish an associated web page configuration for the URL, and each URLregistration record can have a settings record associated with it,conforming to a bespoke schema specified by the sys_ux_page record,unique to that sys_ux_page record. This enables multiple URLs to makeuse of a given web page structure/configuration, with the pagesdiffering from each other in terms of their underlying respectiveconfiguration data relevant to their URL.

Each root element web page (of a sys_ux_page table) then has a databaserelationship with a hierarchy of page elements (sys_ux_page elementrecords). Each page element points to its parent element via a referencefield, thereby representing the structural hierarchy, so that a databasequery can readily find each element that is a child of a given element,thus enabling efficient searching to establish a full treerepresentation of the page. Thus, the relational database recordscooperatively describe a DOM tree representation of the page.

Further, each page element is an instance of a component node, whichspecifies the underlying source file, tag name, slots, attributes, andactions (events) that enable communication with other nodes in thehierarchy. For instance, each component could specify one or more slotswhere a child component could be associated in a shadow-DOM. And eachcomponent could specify one or more attributes and one or moreproperties.

More particularly, in the example shown, each page element recordincludes a reference to a component definition record(“sys_ux_lib_component”), and the component definition record in turnincludes a reference to its underlying script source file as well asfields for defining properties and other aspects of the component. Eachpage element record could include various attributes, by reference toone or more attribute records. Further, as a component could use ashadow-DOM to manifest its internal structure, the component definitioncould specify a set of slots to help indicate where child elementsshould be rendered in the shadow-DOM. When a page element is created andput into a page structure, the system could record in the page element areference to a slot of its parent component's definition that it shouldbe bound to, as a slot field referencing a slot definition record(“sys_ux_lib_comp_slot”).

FIG. 13 next depicts how the page-builder subsystem could represent witha plurality of interrelated database records variouscomponent-to-component data binding by way of example. As discussedabove, the underlying definition of each component could specify actionsthat it publishes. These actions could be data containers that would bepassed around by the front-end framework to facilitate inter-componentcommunication. In FIG. 13, these actions are defined by“sys_ux_lib_component_action” records.

When a component instance is placed on a page (as a“sys_ux_page_element” record), the page-builder subsystem could add thecomponent's actions (per the component definition) to a catalog of pageactions by recording the actions in “sys_ux_page_action” records—asactions available for other components to listen to. Further, eachcomponent on the page could have component properties or variousoperational features that the page-builder subsystem could represent insys_ux_lib_comp_prop records. When a web developer specifies a bindingbetween a subscriber component and a published action, the page-buildersubsystem could then record that binding in a“sys_ux_page_action_binding” record that specifies the action (byreference to the sys_ux_page_action table), the subscriber element (byreference to the sys_ux_page_element table), the publishing element (byreference to the sys_ux_page_element table), and the target property ofthe subscriber element (by reference to the sys_ux_lib_comp_prop table).

With this example database schema, a page-builder interface couldreceive web-developer input selecting a component to put on a page andcould provide the web developer with a menu of the actions that thecomponent emits. Further, the interface might receive web-developerinput specifying which such actions should be made available to the pagespace, for other components on the page to subscribe to. And theinterface could receive web-developer input that adds another componentto the page and establishes an action data-binding between it and thepublisher component. The page-builder subsystem could then responsivelystore this inter-component data-binding in tables as noted above,specifying the action being subscribed to, the subscriber component, andthe publisher/emitter component (or perhaps a wildcard, if it will bepossible for multiple components on the page to publish the indicatedaction).

In line with the discussion above, this database schema can facilitateefficient rendering of web pages, allowing reuse of web components andestablishing dynamic data-bindings between the components.

When the system receives from a browser a request for a web pagedesignated by a URL or site name, the system could query various hostprovider extensions and thereby determine that the request belongs tothe page-builder subsystem (e.g., by finding that the URL is registeredto a particular sys_ux_page), and the system could therefore route therequest to the page-builder subsystem for handling. A host provider forthe page-builder subsystem could then construct a UX (user experience)page request and pass the request to a UX page-processor class, whichcould then build the markup and send the markup to the requestingclient/browser for rendering.

Namely, upon receipt of the UX page request, a server implementing theUX page processor could readily perform database queries to build a treerepresentation of the page as discussed above and could then translatethat tree representation into HTML markup. Further, the server couldinclude that markup in an HTML document along with other applicablecontent, including a component loader to facilitate rendering of thecustom components. And the server could bundle the reference scriptfiles for use by the browser in rendering the page. The server couldthen deliver a response to the browser, providing the browser with theHTML document, possibly along with the underlying script files, forrendering.

FIG. 14 depicts this process flow by way of example, for a page of anexample “Workspace” site. In the arrangement shown, various classes canbe Java classes, by way of example. A UXPageHostProvider class isresponsible for determining if a request for a given site name should beserved by the page-builder subsystem, and for maintaining a cache ofentries that associate a site name with a page record (structure) and anoptional settings record. As shown, upon determining that the request isfor a page of the “Workspace” site, the UXPageHostProvider generates aUxPageRequest to be fulfilled by a UXPageProcessor class. In response tothis request, the UxPageProcessor class could then make use of variousother classes to generate the associated HTML document for delivery in aresponse to the requesting client. Further, the UXPageProcessor could beresponsible for determining which JavaScript source files are requiredto drive the components on the page, and to bundle the source code ifappropriate and provide associated resource tags in the HTML document.

In an example implementation, a server executing the UxPageProcessorclass could query the database to ascertain the component tree-structurerepresenting the hierarchical arrangement of components of the page andto ascertain the data-bindings between the components of the page. Forinstance, starting with the root element of the page, the server coulditeratively or recursively query the database based on parent fields todetermine the component hierarchy of the page and could store the queryresults in Java data objects cooperatively defining a componenttree-structure of the page. Further, the server could query the databaseto determine any data-bindings defined between components of the pageand could store specifications of those data-bindings, possibly in theJava data objects defining the component tree-structure.

Having thus ascertained the component tree-structure and data-bindingsfor the page, the server could then construct a markup document thatrepresents the ascertained component tree-structure and data-bindingsand includes a component loader operative to load the underlyingscripts. For instance, the server could construct a markup document likethat shown in FIG. 7 as discussed above, including hierarchicaldeclarations of the page components along with characteristics such asslots and listen-to properties. And based on the database indications ofthe underlying scripts respectively per component of the page, theserver could include in the markup document a component loaderdeclaration operative to load those scripts (e.g., interpretable by acomputing device to load the scripts). The server could then output thisconstructed markup document for rendering by the requesting web browser.For instance, the server could transmit the markup document to thebrowser.

In practice, if the representative system serves many clients (e.g., inan aPaaS architecture), the system may engage in extensive real-timequerying of the database in response to client requests for web pages.To help manage the resulting network and processing burden, the systemcould also be configured to cache certain results of these queries, tofacilitate efficiently responding to later requests for the same pages.For instance, once the system ascertains the component tree-structureand data-bindings of a page, the system could cache in data storage theJava data objects representing the tree structure and data bindings,perhaps for a defined cache period. That way, when the system laterreceives a request for the same page, the system could readily retrievefrom data storage the previously ascertained tree structure and databindings and could readily construct the associated markup document foroutput and rendering by the requesting client.

In any event, upon receipt of the markup document, the browser couldthen execute the component loader to retrieve from server data storagethe underlying scripts defining the structure and operation of thecomponents. The browser could thus build a full DOM for the page andcould render the page based on that DOM.

More particularly, the browser may output for transmission to a server aHypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request for the web page. And inresponse, the browser may then receive from the server an HTTP responsecarrying a markup document such as HTML document that includesdeclarative markup data similar to that shown in FIG. 7.

The server may generate such a markup document dynamically from adatabase representation of the page as discussed above and deliver themarkup document in response to the browser, and/or the server may havethe markup document, or a portion thereof, stored statically and coulddeliver that markup document to the browser. Further, the browser couldreceive the set of scripts in various ways.

In an example implementation, the server could include in the markupdocument a component loader comprising one or more references to thescripts that define structure and operation of the declared components.Upon receipt of the markup document, the browser could thus request andreceive the indicated scripts. The component loader could include acoded reference (e.g., coded URL or other reference) to a bundle ofscripts associated with the components declared in the markup document,and the browser could use that reference to request and receive thatbundle of scripts. Alternatively or additionally, the component loadercould include multiple references, and the browser may use thosereferences to request and receive the scripts. Thus, in response to thebrowser's request for the web page, the browser could indirectly receivethe set of scripts defining structure and operation of the components ofthe web page.

Alternatively, the server could transmit together with the markupdocument the underlying scripts for the components of the web page.Thus, in response to the browser's request for the web page, the browsercould directly receive both the declarative markup data defining thehierarchical arrangement of components of the web page and the set ofscripts defining the structure and operation of those declaredcomponents.

In line with the discussion above, the declarative markup data andscripts that the web browser receives in response to its request for theweb page could further cooperatively define data-bindings betweencomponents of the web page. For instance, the received script (one ormore scripts) that underlies a first such component of the web pagecould be interpretable by the browser to cause the browser todynamically publish data related to the first component (such as theinvoked-state of the tab component discussed above). Further, thedeclarative markup data could include for a second such component of theweb page a listen-to tag attribute that binds the second component withthe dynamically published data related to the first component. And thereceived script that underlies the second component of the web pagecould be interpretable by the browser to cause the second component toreact to the published action data of the first component.

Upon receipt of this declarative markup data and set of scripts for therequested web page, the browser could then establish a DOM of the webpage. For instance, pursuant to the declarative markup data and theunderlying component scripts, the browser could populate shadow DOMs ofthe various components, building more specific markup like that shown inFIG. 8, and could register declared data-bindings and other operationalcharacteristics of the components. The browser could then render the webpage in accordance with the established DOM of the page. For instance,according to the DOM, the browser could generate and output for displaya GUI.

As further discussed above, the underlying scripts for the components ofsuch a web page could be changed over time while still supportingassociated APIs including associated inter-component data binding andthe like. For instance, a provider of such components could rewrite thescripts that define the structure and operation of the components,possibly writing the scripts using a different scripting language and/orstructured in a different manner. Optimally, the changed underlyingscripts would maintain support for exposed APIs, including data bindingfunctionality of the components, so that web applications that weredesigned to use the components could still function as designed anddesired notwithstanding the change in the underlying scripts.

In an implementation that uses a page-builder subsystem as discussedabove, database references to scripts for various components can berevised to point to the changed scripts. That way, the server coulddeliver the changed scripts to a requesting web browser to facilitaterendering of the page. In this or other implementations, the componentloader provided in or with the markup document delivered to the browsercould include one or more references to the changed scripts, so thatwhen the browser obtains the scripts, the browser would obtain thechanged scripts. Alternatively, in this or other implementations, thereferences to the scripts could remain unchanged but the referencedscripts could be changed, so that when the browser obtains the scripts,the browser would similarly obtain the changed scripts.

In an example implementation, such a change in one or more underlyingscripts for web page components could result in a scenario where a webbrowser retrieves and renders the same web page at two different times,with the scripts being changed between those times.

The first time the browser requests the web page, the browser mayreceive in response the declarative markup data defining a hierarchicalarrangement of components of the web page and a first set of scriptsdefining structure and operation of the components, with the declarativemarkup data and scripts cooperatively defining data binding between atleast a first component and a second component. The browser may thus usethe declarative markup data and scripts as a basis to establish a DOMfor the web page and may then render the page per the DOM.

In turn, when the browser subsequently requests the same web page, thebrowser may receive in response the same declarative markup datadefining a hierarchical arrangement of components of the web page but asecond set of scripts defining structure and operation of thecomponents, with the second set of scripts being different than thefirst set of scripts due to a change of one or more of the scripts inthe interim. Optimally, though, the second set of scripts would stillsupport the same, unchanged data binding between the first component andthe second component, and perhaps other exposed API functionality, sothat the web page could still operate in the manner designed andexpected.

With this arrangement, because the web developer need not (and indeedmay not) have access to the internal code or scripting underlying theweb components, a provider of this system could swap out the underlyingcode or scripting largely transparently, possibly switching to use alatest scripting language or other framework if desired, as long as theunderlying logic would still support the high-level componentdefinitions and inter-component communication model APIs of thecomponents. This can allow the system provider to stay current on thelatest technologies without having to rewrite web pages and in somecases very complicated web applications, since the provider need merelyrevise the back-end scripting. Consequently, web developers who use thepresent system could rely on their web pages being useable in the futureeven as underlying scripting technologies change. This is in contrast toan arrangement where a web page is itself written using a framework thatthen becomes deprecated, necessitating a full rewrite of the entire webpage.

Further, in contrast to how other web development frameworks mayoperate, a representative implementation of the present system need notinclude any application-level controller or bootstrapping. The webdeveloper could merely bring in individual components by putting tags onthe page, supplying desired attributes and the like. The web developerneed not be concerned with defining how the framework bootstraps orbehaves, as the system is ultimately keyed to the individual components,which can be added or removed, and interrelated, as desired.

Still further, while the present system could make good use of the webcomponents standard to define new web components, the system furtherprovides for components on a page to interact with each other in usefulways. Namely, with the listen-to functionality discussed above, itbecomes possible for a web developer to have components (e.g., evensibling-components) on a page interact with each other. For instance,two custom-designed components could exchange messages with each otherin a structured way without the need for the web developer to writeJavaScript code that defines what to do with data output from onecomponent and how it should be incorporated or used by or shouldotherwise impact another component. The system could thus enable a webdeveloper to develop a dynamic web page without the need to writeunderlying code.

For example, consider a simple example where the design goal for a pageis to put a list on the left side and detail-form on the right side.

Without the present system, a developer might write some JavaScript toprovide a list widget and might write some JavaScript to provide a formwidget, and the developer might further write some JavaScript code thatlistens to the action “item-clicked” on the list-widget and, upon seeingthat action, might write some content into the form on the right, sothat the form control would update to show what a user clicked on in thelist. This process thus requires the writing of some JavaScript code andlikely a bootstrapping process and so forth.

With the present system, on the other hand, the web developer's processcan be entirely declarative, without a need to engage in any imperativescripting. The web developer might simply include declarations of a listcomponent and a form component and provide for the form component alisten-to tag attribute that causes the form component to listen to anitem-selected action of the list component. The underlying scripting ofthe form component could then take care of populating its fields asnecessary.

C. Example System for Modeling and Serving Web Pages

FIG. 15 is a simplified block diagram depicting a system operable inaccordance with the present disclosure. As noted above, this systemcould be implemented by a server or server cluster, as in the aPaaSdiscussed above. As shown in FIG. 15, the system includes a database1500 and a web server application 1502, which could be integrated orinterconnected by a network or other connection mechanism 1504.

The embodiment of FIG. 15 may be simplified by the removal of any one ormore of the features shown therein. Further, these embodiments may becombined with features, aspects, and/or implementations of any of theprevious figures or otherwise described herein.

As illustrated, the database 1500 contains a plurality of interrelatedrecords 1506 cooperatively defining a hierarchical arrangement ofcomponents of a web page, including references to underlying scriptsinterpretable to define structure and operation of the components of theweb page, and a plurality of interrelated records 1507 cooperativelydefining data-bindings between the components of the web page.

The web server application 1502 executes on a computing device and isconfigured to carry out various web server operations (e.g., to causethe computing device to carry out the operations). For instance, the webserver application is configured to receive, from a client device, arequest for a web page. And the web server application is configured torespond to the request by (i) querying the database to ascertain acomponent tree-structure representing the hierarchical arrangement ofthe components of the web page and to ascertain the data-bindingsbetween the components of the web page, (ii) based on the ascertainedcomponent tree-structure and data-bindings, constructing a markupdocument that represents the ascertained component tree-structure anddata-bindings and includes a component loader operative to load theunderlying scripts, and (iii) outputting the constructed markup documentfor rendering by a web browser executing on the client device.

In line with the discussion above, the web server application could befurther configured to receive user input declaring the structure andoperation of the web page, including declarations of the hierarchicalarrangement of the components of the web page and the data-bindingsbetween the components of the web page. And the web server applicationcould be configured to respond to the user input by generating andstoring, cooperatively in a plurality of tables of the database, theplurality of interrelated records cooperatively defining thehierarchical arrangement of the components of the web page and theplurality of interrelated records cooperatively defining thedata-bindings between the components of the web page, to facilitate thequerying and constructing.

Further, the web server application could be configured to provide auser interface through which to receive the user input declaring thestructure and operation of the web page.

For instance, the user interface could define a menu of components andcould enable user selection, from the menu of components, of componentsto be included on the web page and user designation of hierarchy anddata-bindings between the components. In a representativeimplementation, each such component, including the underlying scriptsinterpretable to define the structure and operation of the components,could be defined in advance of receiving the user input. With thisarrangement, the underlying scripts could expose APIs of the components,and the declarations could make use of the exposed APIs. Further, theunderlying scripts could be swappable while maintaining the exposedAPIs.

Also in line with the discussion above, the interrelated records of thedatabase could include a root-element record, a plurality ofpage-element records, a plurality of component records, and a pluralityof data-binding records. The root-element record could defined a toplevel of the web page. The plurality of page-element records couldcooperatively define the component tree structure of the components ofthe web page, with each page-element record including acomponent-reference that references a respective one of the componentrecords and including a parent-reference that references an associatedparent node of the tree structure.

Each component record could define a respective component of the webpage and could include a script-reference that references associatedunderlying script that is interpretable by the web browser to definestructure and operation of the component. And the data-binding recordscould define data-bindings between (i) actions to be published bycertain components of the web page and (ii) reactions of othercomponents of the web page.

With this arrangement, the act of querying the database to ascertain thecomponent tree-structure defining the hierarchical arrangement of thecomponents of the web page could involve querying the database toidentify the root-element record of the web page and recursivelyquerying the database based on the parent-references in the page-elementrecords, to establish the component-tree structure defining thehierarchical arrangement of the components of the web page.

Further, as shown in FIG. 13, in an example implementation, thedata-binding records could include (i) action records defining theactions to be published by the components of the web page, (ii)properties records defining properties of the components of the webpage, and (iii) action-binding records defining data-binding between theactions defined by the actions records and the properties defined by theproperties records. With this arrangement, the act of querying thedatabase to ascertain the data-bindings between the components of theweb page could involve querying the action-binding records to determinethe defined data-bindings.

In addition, the act of constructing the markup document that representsthe ascertained component tree-structure and data-bindings could involvestructuring the markup document to include a hierarchical set ofdeclarations corresponding with the ascertained componenttree-structure, and to include associated tags defining the ascertaineddata-bindings. Further, the act of constructing the markup document thatincludes the component loader operative to load the underlying scriptscould involve ascertaining, from the script-references of the componentrecords, the underlying scripts interpretable to define the structureand operation of the components of the web page, and structuring themarkup document to have the component loader reference the ascertainedunderlying scripts.

In addition, as discussed above, the system could cache ascertainedcomponent tree-structures and data-bindings for efficiency. Forinstance, the request for the web page could be considered a firstrequest, and the web server application could be further configured tocarry out caching operations with respect to that request, to facilitateefficient response to a later, second request for the same page.

In an example implementation, for instance, after the web serverapplication ascertains the component tree-structure and data-bindingsbetween the components of the web page, the web server application couldcache the ascertained component tree-structure and data-bindings in datastorage (internal or external) for later retrieval. For instance, theweb server application could store the ascertained componenttree-structure and data-bindings in Java data objects in the datastorage.

Thereafter, the web server application could receive a second requestfor the web page. And in response to the second request, the web serverapplication could (i) retrieve the cached component tree-structure anddata-bindings from the data storage, (ii) based on the retrievedcomponent tree-structure and data-bindings, construct a second markupdocument that represents the retrieved component tree-structure withdata-bindings and includes the component loader operative to load theunderlying scripts, and (iii) output the constructed second markupdocument for rendering.

FIG. 16 is a flow chart illustrating an example embodiment. The processillustrated by FIG. 16 may be carried out by a computing device, such ascomputing device 100, and/or a cluster of computing devices, such asserver cluster 200. However, the process can be carried out by othertypes of devices or device subsystems. For example, the process could becarried out by a portable computer, such as a laptop or a tablet device.

The embodiments of FIG. 16 may be simplified by the removal of any oneor more of the features shown therein. Further, these embodiments may becombined with features, aspects, and/or implementations of any of theprevious figures or otherwise described herein.

According to FIG. 16, at block 1600, the process includes a web serverapplication (e.g., executing on a computing device) receiving inputdeclaring structure of a web page, including declarations of componenthierarchy and data-bindings between components of the web page. Further,at block 1602, the process includes, responsive to the input, generatingand storing, cooperatively in a plurality of tables of a database, arepresentation of the web page including references to underlyingscripts interpretable to define structure and operation of thecomponents.

At block 1604, the process then includes the web server applicationthereafter receiving, from a client device, a request for the web page.And at block 1606, the process includes, responsive to the request, (i)querying the database to ascertain a component tree-structure of thepage, (ii) based on the ascertained component tree-structure,constructing a markup document that represents the ascertained componenttree-structure and includes a component loader operative to load theunderlying scripts, and (iii) outputting the constructed markup documentfor rendering by a web browser executing on the client device.

In line with the discussion above, the generating and storingcooperatively in the plurality of tables of the database therepresentation of the web page could involve generating and storing aplurality of interrelated records cooperatively defining the componenthierarchy and a plurality of interrelated records cooperatively definingdata-bindings.

For instance, the interrelated records could include a root-elementrecord, a plurality of page-element records, a plurality of componentrecords, and a plurality of data-binding records, which could be definedas discussed above. And the act of querying the database to ascertainthe component tree-structure of the web page could involve querying thedatabase to identify the root-element record of the web page, andrecursively querying the database based on the parent-references in thepage-element records, to establish the component-tree structure of theweb page.

FIG. 17 is a flow chart illustrating an example embodiment for deliveryof web page content by a web server. The process illustrated by FIG. 17may be carried out by a computing device, such as computing device 100,and/or a cluster of computing devices, such as server cluster 200.However, the process can be carried out by other types of devices ordevice subsystems. For example, the process could be carried out by aportable computer, such as a laptop or a tablet device.

As shown in FIG. 17, at block 1700, a web server application executingon the computing device receives from a web browser applicationexecuting on a client device a request for a web page.

At block 1702, in response to the request, the web server applicationoutputs for transmission to the client device (i) declarative markupdata defining a hierarchical arrangement of components of the web page,including a first component and a second component and (ii) a set ofscripts defining structure and operation of the components of the webpage, including a first script (one or more scripts) defining structureand operation of the first component and a second script (one or morescripts) defining structure and operation of the second component.

In line with the discussion above, the declarative markup data andscripts cooperatively define data-binding between the first componentand the second component. For instance, the first script could beinterpretable by the web browser application to cause the web browserapplication to dynamically publish data related to the first component,the declarative markup data could include for the second component alisten-to tag attribute that binds the second component with thedynamically published data related to the first component, and thesecond script could be interpretable by the web browser application inaccordance with the listen-to tag attribute to cause the secondcomponent upon to react to the published data related to the firstcomponent.

Thereafter, at block 1704, the web server application receives, from thesame or another client device, a new request for the same web page. Butin the meantime, one or more of the scripts underlying one or more ofthe components of the web page has changed. Therefore, at block 1706, inresponse to this new request, the web server application outputs fortransmission to the requesting client device (i) the declarative markupdata defining a hierarchical arrangement of components of the web page,including a first component and a second component and (ii) a differentset of scripts defining structure and operation of the components of theweb page, the different set of scripts still supporting the same,unchanged data-binding between the first component and the secondcomponent.

Further in line with the discussion above, the process of FIG. 17 couldadditionally involve the web server application generating thedeclarative markup data based on a database representation of the webpage. And the second set of scripts could include a different firstscript defining structure and operation of the first component and/or adifferent second script defining structure and operation of the secondcomponent.

D. Example System for Receiving and Rendering Web Pages

In an example implementation, computing device 100 could alternativelyor additionally be configured to carry out various web browseroperations described above. In particular, the computing device couldinclude a processing unit such as processor 102, data storage such asmemory 104, a network communication interface such as network interface106, and other features as described. The data storage could then storeprogram instructions in line with the discussion above, which coulddefine a web browser application executable by the processing unit tocarry out the various web browser operations.

For instance, the web browser operations could include receiving, inresponse to a request for a web page, (i) declarative markup datadefining a hierarchical arrangement of components of the web page,including a first component and a second component, and (ii) a set ofscripts defining structure and operation of the components of the webpage, including a first script defining structure and operation of thefirst component and a second script defining structure and operation ofthe second component. Further, the web browser operations could includeestablishing a DOM of the web page, perhaps including populating, basedon the received scripts, shadow DOMs of the components of the web page.And the web browser operations could include rendering the web pagebased on the established DOM.

In line with the discussion above, the declarative markup data andscripts that the web browser application receives could cooperativelydefine data-binding between the first component and the secondcomponent. For instance, the first script could be interpretable by theweb browser application to cause the web browser application todynamically publish data related to the first component, the declarativemarkup data could include for the second component a listen-to tagattribute that binds the second component with the dynamically publisheddata related to the first component, and the second script could beinterpretable by the web browser application in accordance with thelisten-to tag attribute to cause the second component to react to thepublished data related to the first component.

As further discussed above, the request in this arrangement could beconsidered a first request and the set of scripts could be considered afirst set of scripts. And the web browser operations could additionallyinclude receiving, in response to a second, subsequent request for thesame web page, (i) the declarative markup data defining the hierarchicalarrangement of the components of the web page and (ii) a second set ofscripts defining structure and operation of the components of the webpage, the second set of scripts being different than the first set ofscripts while still supporting the same, unchanged data-binding betweenthe first component and the second component. Further, with thisimplementation, the second set of scripts could include a differentfirst script defining structure and operation of the first componentand/or a different second script defining structure and operation of thesecond component.

In an example implementation, the hierarchical arrangement of thecomponents of the web page could define parent and child relationshipsamong the components, as a tree of components, possibly using shadowDOMs to define relationships between parent and child components. Withsuch an arrangement, the first and second components could be siblingcomponents that share a common parent component in the hierarchicalarrangement or could be related in a different way.

Further, as discussed above, the operation of receiving the declarativemarkup data and scripts could involve (i) receiving the declarativemarkup data and one or more references to the scripts and (ii) using theone or more references to request and receive the scripts. For instance,the web browser application could receive a markup document thatincludes the declarative markup data and further includes one or morereferences to the scripts, and the web browser application could use theone or more references to obtain the scripts, such as by sending one ormore requests to URLs defined by the one or more references.

FIG. 18 is a flow chart illustrating an example embodiment. The processillustrated by FIG. 18 may be carried out by a computing device, such ascomputing device 100 as noted above or by other types of devices ordevice subsystems. For example, the process could be carried out by aportable computer, such as a laptop or a tablet device.

According to FIG. 18, at block 1800, the process includes receiving intoa web browser application executing on a computing device, in responseto a request for a web page, (i) declarative markup data defining ahierarchical arrangement of components of the web page, including afirst component and a second component, and (ii) a set of scriptsdefining structure and operation of the components of the web page,including a first script defining structure and operation of the firstcomponent and a second script defining structure and operation of thesecond component.

Further, at block 1802, the process includes establishing, by the webbrowser application, a DOM of the web page based at least on thereceived scripts, perhaps including populating, by the web browserapplication, based on the received scripts, shadow DOMs of thecomponents of the web page. And at block 1804, the process includesrendering, by the web browser application, the web page based on theestablished DOM.

As illustrated in block 1804 and in line with the discussion above, thedeclarative markup data and scripts in this process cooperatively definedata-binding between the first component and the second component, withthe first script being interpretable by the web browser application tocause the web browser application to dynamically publish data related tothe first component, the declarative markup data including for thesecond component a listen-to tag attribute that binds the secondcomponent with the dynamically published data related to the firstcomponent, and the second script being interpretable by the web browserapplication in accordance with the listen-to tag attribute to cause thesecond component to react to the published data related to the firstcomponent.

The embodiments of FIG. 18 may be simplified by the removal of any oneor more of the features shown therein. Further, these embodiments may becombined with features, aspects, and/or implementations of any of theprevious figures or otherwise described herein. For instance, variousfeatures described could be implemented by an article of manufacturethat includes a non-transitory computer-readable medium having storedthereon program instructions that, upon execution by a computing system,cause the computing system to perform the described web browseroperations.

VI. Conclusion

The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particularembodiments described in this application, which are intended asillustrations of various aspects. Many modifications and variations canbe made without departing from its scope, as will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuseswithin the scope of the disclosure, in addition to those describedherein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoingdescriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to fallwithin the scope of the appended claims.

The above detailed description describes various features and operationsof the disclosed systems, devices, and methods with reference to theaccompanying figures. The example embodiments described herein and inthe figures are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments can beutilized, and other changes can be made, without departing from thescope of the subject matter presented herein. It will be readilyunderstood that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generallydescribed herein, and illustrated in the figures, can be arranged,substituted, combined, separated, and designed in a wide variety ofdifferent configurations.

With respect to any or all of the message flow diagrams, scenarios, andflow charts in the figures and as discussed herein, each step, block,and/or communication can represent a processing of information and/or atransmission of information in accordance with example embodiments.Alternative embodiments are included within the scope of these exampleembodiments. In these alternative embodiments, for example, operationsdescribed as steps, blocks, transmissions, communications, requests,responses, and/or messages can be executed out of order from that shownor discussed, including substantially concurrently or in reverse order,depending on the functionality involved. Further, more or fewer blocksand/or operations can be used with any of the message flow diagrams,scenarios, and flow charts discussed herein, and these message flowdiagrams, scenarios, and flow charts can be combined with one another,in part or in whole.

A step or block that represents a processing of information cancorrespond to circuitry that can be configured to perform the specificlogical functions of a herein-described method or technique.Alternatively or additionally, a step or block that represents aprocessing of information can correspond to a module, a segment, or aportion of program code (including related data). The program code caninclude one or more instructions executable by a processor forimplementing specific logical operations or actions in the method ortechnique. The program code and/or related data can be stored on anytype of computer readable medium such as a storage device including RAM,a disk drive, a solid state drive, or another storage medium.

The computer readable medium can also include non-transitory computerreadable media such as computer readable media that store data for shortperiods of time like register memory and processor cache. The computerreadable media can further include non-transitory computer readablemedia that store program code and/or data for longer periods of time.Thus, the computer readable media may include secondary or persistentlong term storage, like ROM, optical or magnetic disks, solid statedrives, compact-disc read only memory (CD-ROM), for example. Thecomputer readable media can also be any other volatile or non-volatilestorage systems. A computer readable medium can be considered a computerreadable storage medium, for example, or a tangible storage device.

Moreover, a step or block that represents one or more informationtransmissions can correspond to information transmissions betweensoftware and/or hardware modules in the same physical device. However,other information transmissions can be between software modules and/orhardware modules in different physical devices.

The particular arrangements shown in the figures should not be viewed aslimiting. It should be understood that other embodiments can includemore or less of each element shown in a given figure. Further, some ofthe illustrated elements can be combined or omitted. Yet further, anexample embodiment can include elements that are not illustrated in thefigures.

While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, otheraspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art.The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purpose ofillustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scopebeing indicated by the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system comprising: a database disposed with acomputational instance of a remote network management platform, thedatabase containing references to a plurality of scripts, the scriptsbeing interpretable to define structure and operation of components of aweb page, wherein the computational instance remotely manages a managednetwork; and a web server application, executable on a computing devicealso disposed within the computational instance, the web serverapplication configured to: receive, from a web browser applicationexecuting on a client device associated with the managed network, arequest for the web page, and responsive to the request, (i) identifythe plurality of scripts based on information in the request, (ii)bundle the identified scripts into a bundle of scripts, (iii) generate amarkup document representing the requested web page and including in themarkup document a reference to the bundle of scripts, wherein thereference to the bundle of scripts is useable by the web browserapplication as a basis to retrieve the plurality of scripts in renderingthe web page, and (iv) output the generated markup document in aresponse for transmission to the client device.
 2. The system of claim1, wherein the database contains a plurality of interrelated recordscooperatively defining a hierarchical arrangement of the components andcontains component-definition records including the references to theplurality of scripts, wherein identifying the plurality of scripts basedon information in the request comprises: based on the information in therequest, querying the database to identify the components and to obtain,from the component-definition records, the references to the pluralityof scripts.
 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the web server applicationis further configured to query the database to ascertain a componenttree-structure representing the hierarchical arrangement of thecomponents of the web page and to include in the markup document arepresentation of the ascertained component tree-structure.
 4. Thesystem of claim 2, wherein the component-definition records arereconfigurable to refer to a changed script for at least one componentof the web page, wherein, after reconfiguration of thecomponent-definition records to refer to the changed script for the atleast one component of the web page, the bundle of scripts includes thechanged script.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein each script comprisesan associated script source file.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein thescripts comprise JavaScript scripts.
 7. The system of claim 1, whereincomponents of the web page include a first component and a secondcomponent, wherein the scripts include a first script interpretable todefine structure and operation of the first component and a secondscript interpretable to define structure and operation of the secondcomponent, wherein the first script is interpretable by the web browserapplication to cause the web browser application to dynamically publishdata related to the first component, and wherein the second componentdefines a listen-to tag attribute operative to bind the second componentwith the dynamically published data related to the first component. 8.The system of claim 1, wherein including in the markup document thereference to the bundle of scripts comprises including in the markupdocument a JavaScript call that refers to the bundle of scripts.
 9. Amethod comprising: receiving, into a web server application executing ona computing device, from a web browser application executing on a clientdevice, a request for a web page; and responsive to the request, (i)identifying, by the web server application, a plurality of scripts thatare interpretable by the web browser application to define structure andoperation of components of the web page, (ii) bundling, by the webserver application, the identified scripts into a bundle of scripts,(iii) generating, by the web server application, a markup documentrepresenting the requested web page and including in the markup documenta reference to the bundle of scripts, wherein the reference is useableby the web browser application as a basis to retrieve the plurality ofscripts in rendering the web page, and (iv) outputting the generatedmarkup document in a response for transmission to the client device. 10.The method of claim 9, wherein identifying a plurality of scripts thatare interpretable by the web browser application to define structure andoperation of components of the web page comprises: for each of thecomponents of the web page, identifying an associated script.
 11. Themethod of claim 10, wherein each associated script comprises anassociated script source file.
 12. The method of claim 10, whereinidentifying the associated script for each component of the web pagecomprises referring to a component-definition record for the component,wherein the component-definition record for the component includes areference to the script associated with the component.
 13. The method ofclaim 9, wherein generating the markup document representing therequested web page comprises generating the markup document dynamicallyfrom a database representation of the web page.
 14. The method of claim9, wherein the scripts comprise JavaScript scripts.
 15. The method ofclaim 9, wherein components of the web page include a first componentand a second component, wherein the scripts include a first scriptinterpretable to define structure and operation of the first componentand a second script interpretable to define structure and operation ofthe second component, wherein the first script is interpretable by theweb browser application to cause the web browser application todynamically publish data related to the first component, and wherein thesecond component defines a listen-to tag attribute operative to bind thesecond component with the dynamically published data related to thefirst component.
 16. The method of claim 9, wherein including in themarkup document the reference to the bundle of scripts comprisesincluding in the markup document a JavaScript call that refers to thebundle of scripts.
 17. The method of claim 9, wherein the request forthe web page is a first request for the web page, the plurality ofscripts is a first plurality of scripts, the bundle of scripts is afirst bundle of scripts, the reference to the bundle of scripts is afirst reference to the first bundle of scripts, the markup document is afirst markup document, and the response is a first response, the methodfurther comprising: after having outputted the first response fortransmission to the client device, receiving by the web serverapplication, from a requesting device, a second request for the webpage; and responsive to the second request, (i) identifying, by the webserver application, a second plurality of scripts that are interpretableby the web browser application to define structure and operation of thecomponents of the web page, the second plurality of scripts includingfor at least a given one of the components of the web page a differentscript than the first plurality of scripts includes for the givencomponent of the web page, (ii) bundling, by the web server application,the identified second plurality of scripts into a second bundle ofscripts, (iii) generating, by the web server application, a secondmarkup document representing the requested web page and including in thesecond markup document a second reference to the second bundle ofscripts, wherein the second reference is useable by the requestingdevice as a basis to retrieve the second plurality of scripts inrendering the web page, and (iv) outputting the generated second markupdocument in a second response for transmission to the requesting device.18. An article of manufacture including a non-transitorycomputer-readable medium, having stored thereon program instructionsthat, upon execution by a computing system, cause the computing systemto perform web server operations comprising: receiving, from a webbrowser application executing on a client device, a request for a webpage; and responsive to the request, (i) identifying a plurality ofscripts that are interpretable by the web browser application to definestructure and operation of components of the web page, (ii) bundling theidentified scripts into a bundle of scripts, (iii) generating a markupdocument representing the requested web page and including in the markupdocument a reference to the bundle of scripts, wherein the reference isuseable by the web browser application as a basis to retrieve theplurality of scripts in rendering the web page, and (iv) outputting thegenerated markup document in a response for transmission to the clientdevice.
 19. The article of manufacture of claim 18, wherein identifyingthe associated script for each component of the web page comprisesreferring to a component-definition record for the component, whereinthe component-definition record for the component includes a referenceto the script associated with the component.
 20. The article ofmanufacture of claim 18, wherein components of the web page include afirst component and a second component, wherein the scripts include afirst script interpretable to define structure and operation of thefirst component and a second script interpretable to define structureand operation of the second component, wherein the first script isinterpretable by the web browser application to cause the web browserapplication to dynamically publish data related to the first component,and wherein the second component defines a listen-to tag attributeoperative to bind the second component with the dynamically publisheddata related to the first component.